Knowlegde Through Fun Welcome To Mady's Site.

If you have opened a many separate windows or related windows like a folder inside a folder again folder inside a folder and so on.
There is a easier way to close all those windows at-a-time.
Just Hold down the Shift key and click the X caption button which appears in the upper-right corner of the last window opened.
This will closes all the windows which were opened before that window.

If you want to have only system icons on your Desktop rather than having many of them in your Start Menu then by following these steps you can get Classic Start Menu on your system.
1.Goto Start right click on it.
2Choose properties.
3.then a small window will appear.Select classic Start Menu from bottom half of the window.
4.Click OK
H=Now you will get Classic Start Menu on tour system.

Hey guys some times Windows XP takes long time to shutdown or restart your system.
You can solve this problem by as follows:
1.Start your System.
2.Goto Start Menu.
3.select Contol Panel.
4.select Sound,Speech,and Audio Devices.
5.Sound and Audio Devices
6.Sounds
7.Now from Sound Scheme select no sound
8.Click ok
And see the result.

To Access…. - Run Command


Accessibility Controls - access.cpl


Add Hardware Wizard - hdwwiz.cpl


Add/Remove Programs - appwiz.cpl


Administrative Tools - control admintools


Automatic Updates - wuaucpl.cpl


Bluetooth Transfer Wizard - fsquirt


Calculator - calc


Certificate Manager - certmgr.msc


Character Map - charmap


Check Disk Utility - chkdsk


Clipboard Viewer - clipbrd


Command Prompt - cmd


Component Services - dcomcnfg


Computer Management - compmgmt.msc


Date and Time Properties - timedate.cpl


DDE Shares - ddeshare


Device Manager - devmgmt.msc


Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)* - directx.cpl


Direct X Troubleshooter - dxdiag


Disk Cleanup Utility - cleanmgr


Disk Defragment - dfrg.msc


Disk Management - diskmgmt.msc


Disk Partition Manager - diskpart


Display Properties - control desktop


Display Properties - desk.cpl


Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected) - control color



Driver Verifier Utility - verifier


Event Viewer - eventvwr.msc


File Signature Verification Tool - sigverif


Findfast - findfast.cpl


Folders Properties - control folders


Fonts - control fonts


Fonts Folder - fonts


Free Cell Card Game - freecell


Game Controllers - joy.cpl


Group Policy Editor (XP Prof) - gpedit.msc


Hearts Card Game - mshearts


Iexpress Wizard - iexpress


Indexing Service - ciadv.msc


Internet Properties - inetcpl.cpl


IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) - ipconfig /all


IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents) - ipconfig /displaydns


IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents) - ipconfig /flushdns


IP Configuration (Release All Connections) - ipconfig /release


IP Configuration (Renew All Connections) - ipconfig /renew


IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re - Registers DNS) - ipconfig /registerdns


IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID) - ipconfig /showclassid


IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID) - ipconfig /setclassid


Java Control Panel (If Installed) - jpicpl32.cpl


Java Control Panel (If Installed) - javaws


Keyboard Properties - control keyboard


Local Security Settings - secpol.msc


Local Users and Groups - lusrmgr.msc


Logs You Out Of Windows - logoff


Microsoft Chat - winchat


Minesweeper Game - winmine


Mouse Properties - control mouse


Mouse Properties - main.cpl


Network Connections - control netconnections


Network Connections - ncpa.cpl


Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cpl


Notepad - notepad


Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed) - nvtuicpl.cpl


Object Packager - packager


ODBC Data Source Administrator - odbccp32.cpl


On Screen Keyboard - osk


Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) - ac3filter.cpl


Password Properties - password.cpl


Performance Monitor - perfmon.msc


Performance Monitor - perfmon


Phone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl


Power Configuration - powercfg.cpl


Printers and Faxes - control printers


Printers Folder - printers


Private Character Editor - eudcedit


Quicktime (If Installed) - QuickTime.cpl


Regional Settings - intl.cpl


Registry Editor - regedit


Registry Editor - regedit32


Remote Desktop - mstsc


Removable Storage - ntmsmgr.msc


Removable Storage Operator Requests - ntmsoprq.msc


Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) - rsop.msc


Scanners and Cameras - sticpl.cpl


Scheduled Tasks - control schedtasks


Security Center - wscui.cpl


Services - services.msc


Shared Folders - fsmgmt.msc


Shuts Down Windows - shutdown


Sounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl


Spider Solitare Card Game - spider


SQL Client Configuration - cliconfg


System Configuration Editor - sysedit


System Configuration Utility - msconfig


System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately) - sfc /scannow


System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot) - sfc /scanonce


System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) - sfc /scanboot


System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting) - sfc /revert


System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache) - sfc /purgecache


System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x) - sfc /cachesize=x


System Properties - sysdm.cpl


Task Manager - taskmgr


Telnet Client - telnet


User Account Management - nusrmgr.cpl


Utility Manager - utilman


Windows Firewall - firewall.cpl


Windows Magnifier - magnify


Windows Management Infrastructure - wmimgmt.msc


Windows System Security Tool - syskey


Windows Update Launches - wupdmgr


Windows XP Tour Wizard - tourstart


Wordpad - write






Reference:
www.Funlok.com

Technically speaking, a Web Service is "a component of programmable
application logic that can be accessed using standard web protocols".
That is, it's quite similar to the components we considered earlier
on, but let us access all its functionality via the Web. In principle,
anyone who can browse the Web can see and use a web service.

Think of a Web Service as a black box resource that accepts requests
from a consumer (some kind of program running on the web client),
performs a specific task, and returns the results of that task. In
some respects, a search engine such as Google (www.google.com) is a
kind of Web Service – you submit a search expression, and it compiles
a list of matching sites, which it sends back to your browser.

Currently the term, Web Service, is something of a buzzword within
the sphere of software development, thanks to a number of new
protocols that have opened up the scope of what we can expect Web
Services to do. XML plays a central role in all these technologies.

There's a very important distinction between a web service like
Google and the kind of XML Web Service that we're going to be talking
about: on Google, you submit the search expression, and you read the
list of sites that gets sent back. Okay, the browser provides you with
a textbox, and parses the response stream so that it looks nice – but
it doesn't actually understand the information you've submitted, let
alone the HTML that Google sends back.

If you are using an XML Web Service, you can assume the results will
be returned as some kind of XML document, that's explicitly structured
and self-describing.

It's, therefore, quite straightforward to write a program that
interprets these results and
perhaps even formulate a new submission.

As we're going to see, ASP.NET makes it very easy to build XML Web Services,
and just as easy to use them – ultimately you need only to reference
the Web Service in your code, and you can use it just as is it were a
local component. As with normal components, we don't need to know
anything about how the service functions, just the tasks it can do,
the type of information it needs to do them, and the type of results
we're going to get back.

1. KINDS OF WEB SERVICES

Practical applications of web services technologies fall into three groups:

1.1 PLUG-IN FUNCTIONALITY.
The simplest and most prevalent web services in use today add
third-party functions to web pages and portals. Common examples
include external news feeds and stock quotes, banner ad serving, and
search boxes. Few use XML and SOAP, relying instead on HTML based
technologies such as JavaScript, CGI calls and Java.

1.2 REMOTE INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES.
Third-party providers use web services technologies to deliver
behind-the-scenes functionality for commercial websites, such as user
authentication, payment processing and visitor traffic analysis.

1.3 ENTERPRISE APPLICATION INTEGRATION.
Web services technologies are rapidly finding favour as a solution to
the complex integration challenges of linking applications within the
enterprise, or across a value chain. EAI implementations are the most
likely to use formal web services standards.

2. REQUIREMENTS OF WEB SERVICES

The original Internet made it possible to send and receive email and
to share access to files. The World Wide Web added a software layer
that made it easier to publish and access other content. The final
development has been the emergence of web
services, enriching the software layer with application functionality.
The task of the web services infrastructure is to support
commercial-grade application functionality.

The difference between content and applications comes from the
addition of process — the sequence of events that need to happen in
order to produce a result. When participants in the application are
distributed across the web, the need to complete processes adds some
important new operating requirements:

2.1 CONSISTENCY
Each separate component must act within certain parameters, such as
response times and availability.

2.2 AUTHENTICITY
There must be some way of assuring the identity of each of the
participants in the process.

2.3 TIMELINESS
Each step in the process must execute in the correct order, and
promptly — especially if a user is waiting on the result in order to
continue with their work

2.4 INTEGRITY
There must be mechanisms to avoid data becoming corrupted as it passes
between participants

2.5 PERSISTENCE
Each participant in the process must maintain a permanent record of
their part in the transaction.
The web services infrastructure must provide a platform that supports
these requirements and more. That demands an array of tools and
services to enhance, monitor
and maintain quality-of-service.

Web Services is an emerging technology driven by the will to securely
expose business logic beyond the firewall. Through Web services
companies can encapsulate existing business processes, publish them as
services, search for and subscribe to other services, and exchange
information throughout and beyond the enterprise. Web services will
enable application-to-application e-marketplace interaction, removing
the inefficiencies of human intervention.

The key benefits of Web Services are:

1. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

As opposed to packaged products, Web Services can be delivered and
paid for as streams of services and allow ubiquitous access from any
platform. Web services allow for encapsulation. Components can be
isolated such that only the business-level services are exposed. This
results in decoupling between components and more stable and flexible
systems.

2. DYNAMIC BUSINESS INTEROPERABILITY

New business partnerships can be constructed dynamically and
automatically since Web Services ensure complete interoperability
between systems.

3. ACCESSIBILITY

Business services can be completely decentralized and distributed over
the Internet and accessed by a wide variety of communications devices

4. EFFICIENCIES

Businesses can be released from the burden of complex, slow and
expensive software development and focus instead on value added and
mission critical tasks. Web
services constructed from applications meant for internal use can be
easily exposed for external use without changing code. Incremental
development using Web services is natural and easy and since Web
Services are declared and implemented in a human readable format there
is easier bug tracking and fixing. The overall result is risk
reduction and more efficient deployability.

5. UNIVERSALLY AGREED SPECIFICATIONS

Web Services are based on universally agreed specifications for
structured data exchange, messaging, discovery of services, interface
description, and business process orchestration.

6. LEGACY INTEGRATION

Greater agility and flexibility from increased integration between
legacy systems

7. NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

There will be greater feasibility to the dynamic enterprise and
dynamic value chain businesses

Web Services security has been the most talked about thing in the Web
Services arena for quite some time now. If there's one thing that has
slowed the widespread acceptance and implementation of Web Services,
it's their lack of security standards. There also seems to be a
cautious implementation schedule for many companies that are thinking
about moving to the .NET platform. Partly because of security concerns
I would imagine, and partly to give the technology time to grab hold.
Nevertheless, security is still a major concern that holds back most
of the Web Service implementations today.

In April 2002, IBM, Microsoft, and VeriSign published a new Web
Services security specification, WS-Security. The specification aims
to help enterprises build secure Web Services, and applications based
on them that are broadly interoperable. Eventually, this specification
would be submitted for consideration as a standard, and looking at the
amount of commitment that IBM, Microsoft, and VeriSign have invested
in it, it should soon go that way. This specification proposes a
standard set of SOAP extensions that can be used when building secure
Web Services to implement integrity and confidentiality.

1. QUALITY OF PROTECTION

When we talk about security in Web Services, there are three types of
potential threats that need to be considered and addressed:

· The SOAP message could be modified or read by hackers.
· A hacker could send messages to a service that, while well-formed,
lack appropriate security claims carry on the processing.

· Service theft. For example, a subscription based Web Service that
doesn't authenticate or is not well secured is open to service
leeching by unauthorized users. Not necessarily hackers per se, but
people who are taking advantage of a hole in the service to get the
service for free.

A message security model is defined to understand these threats.

2. MESSAGE SECURITY MODEL

The WS-Security specification specifies an abstract message security
model in terms of security tokens combined with digital signatures as
proof of possession of the security token referred to as a key.
Security tokens assert claims, and signatures provide a mechanism for
authenticating the sender's knowledge of the key. This signature can
also be used to bind with the claims in the security token. This
assumes that the token is trusted. It may be interesting to note that
we do not specify a particular method for authentication. The
specification only indicates that security tokens may be bound to
messages. This is where the power and extensibility of WS-Security
lies.

A claim can be either endorsed or unendorsed by a trusted authority. A
set of endorsed claims is usually represented as a signed security
token that is digitally signed or encrypted by the authority. An X.509
certificate, claiming the binding between one's identity and public
key, is an example of a signed security token.

An unendorsed claim, on the other hand, can be trusted if there is a
trust relationship between the sender and the receiver.

One special type of unendorsed claim is Proof-of-Possession. Such a
claim proves that the sender has a particular piece of knowledge that
is verifiable by appropriate actors.
For example, a username/password combination is a security token with
this type of claim. A Proof-of-Possession claim is sometimes combined
with other security.tokens to prove the claims of the sender.

3. MESSAGE PROTECTION

The primary security concerns in Web Services are confidentiality and
integrity. WS-Security provides a means to protect messages by
encrypting and/or digitally signing a body, a header, an attachment,
or any combination of thees. Message integrity is provided by using
XML Signature in conjunction with security tokens to ensure that
messages are transmitted without modifications. The integrity
mechanisms are designed to support multiple signatures, potentially by
multiple actors, and to be extensible to support additional signature
formats.

Message confidentiality leverages XML Encryption in conjunction with
security tokens to keep portions of a SOAP message confidential. The
encryption mechanisms are designed to support additional encryption
processes and operations by multiple actors.

4. MISSING OR INAPPROPRIATE CLAIMS

The message receiver should reject a message with an invalid
signature, or missing or inappropriate claims, as if it is an
unauthorized (or malformed) message, as would be expected in a secure
environment. WS-Security provides a flexible way for the message
sender to claim the security properties by associating zero or more
security tokens with the message.

1. SERVICE HIJACKING (OR PIGGYBACKING)

Once your Web Service is available to the public, you may attract a
client who is particularly interested in the service you provide. They
're so interested, infact, that they consider wrapping your powerful
Web Service inside of their own and representing it as their own
product. Without security safeguards in place (and legal documents as
well), a client may repackage your Web Service as if it were their own
function, and there's no way for you to detect that this is being done
(though you may become suspicious by examining your usage log when
your client who occasionally uses your Web Service suddenly shows an
enormous increase in activity). Given the level of abstraction that
Web Services provide, it would also be nearly impossible for any
customers of your unethical client to know who owns the functionality.

Some organizations use a combination of usage logging or per-use
charges. Another simpler way to avoid piggybacking is by using false
data tests. We could create an undocumented function within our Web
Service that creates a result that only our logic could produce. We
would be able to determine whether this code is really ours and the
client is piggybacking our Web Service or if client is truly using its
own logic. For an example, we could say that the Web Service would
provide a specific result which is undocumented and known only to us.
Say , the Web Service is going to take as an input a phone number and
going to return the Name of the person / organization who owns the
phone number. Suppose we are sure that there is no entry for a phone
number containing only zeroes. So we make sure that when such a number
is entered the Service will return a message which is specific and
known only to us. We could then test this on the
piggybacking company we suspect is stealing our Web Service. Since this hidden

functionality would not be published, it would provide a great way to
prove that a company was reselling your Web Service's logic without
your legal approval.

2. PROVIDER SOLVENCY

Since the Web Service model is a viable solution, you're probably
eager to add their functionality to your core information systems and
mission critical applications. As Web Services become more and more
interdependent, it becomes increasingly necessary to research the
companies from where you consume Web Services. You'll want to be sure
that these providers appear to have what it takes to remain in
business. UDDI goes a long way towards helping you with this research
by providing company information for each registered Web Service
provider. In the business world, nothing seems to impact and force
sweeping changes more than insolvency, and if you find yourself in the
unfortunate circumstance of lost functionality due to a bankrupt Web
Service provider, you'll realize how painful the hurried search for a
new vendor can be (with little room to bargain with your ex-service's
competitors). Although the initial work can be a bit tedious, it is
important to know, as far as you can, whether a potential Web Service
vendor will still be in business five years from now.

3. THE INTERDEPENDENCY SCENARIO

The basis for all these and other Web Service considerations is the
issue of interdependency. The potential exists for you to wake up any
given morning, start an application that has worked for years, and
find that the Web Service that it relies on is no longer available.

To some extent, thanks to the UDDI search capabilities, you can
investigate and assess potential providers, but at the end of the day
a degree of faith needs to be put into the services of each provider
that you choose to consume.

Today’s networks are becoming increasingly dynamic in their configuration. With the emergence of wireless LANs a modern network can expect to have devices removed and added frequently. Naturally these networks rely on common TCP/IP protocols such as DNS, DHCP, MADCAP and LDAP, which in turn require an administrative staff. For increasingly popular ad-hoc and small home networks, the technical knowledge of end-users is often limited and administrative skill can be lacking. In a world where networks are beginning to connect not only computer users of varying technical skill but also a huge variety of personal digital devices the end-user can't always be expected to have the time, desire, or knowledge to configure their network. From hotel rooms to airplanes, cars, and campuses computer users are routinely connecting to networks of which they have no knowledge of services (LDAP and printing, for example) or the primary hosts on the network (DHCP or DNS servers, for example). In situations where there are no administrators either because they are unavailable or don't exist all, these networks need protocols that require zero configuration and administration. The evolution of the IP standards suite has concentrated on achieving a reliable and scalable networking architecture. Emphasis has always been placed on mechanisms that allow decentralized administration. Individual networks have been operated with local configuration, while Internet wide configuration has been coordinated through different agencies handling registration of domain names, network numbers, and other parameters. Network operation requires consistent configuration of all hosts and servers and normally requires centralized, knowledgeable network administration and increasingly complex configuration management services. Several computer software companies have taken the initiative to enhance the IP suite to address this challenge. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has begun work on zero configuration networking for IP. The goal is to allow hosts to communicate using IP without requiring any prior configuration or the presence of network services. True to the traditional architectural principals of the IP suite, care is being taken to ensure that zero configuration networking protocols and operation do not detract from the scalability of larger configured networks with fully administered services. The central issue of this type of networking is the emergence of protocols for operation without services or configuration. Work in the area of zero configuration protocols has been motivated by new demands in the marketplace.

Blu-Ray is a new optical storage technologies that fight as the successor of DVD. In this topic you will know everything you need to know about this technology.
With the introduction of high-definition TV (HDTV) DVD storage capacity showed to be insufficient to this application. DVD supports a resolution up to 720x480 pixels, while HDTV works with resolutions as high as 1920x1080 pixels. Just to give you an idea, two hours of high-definition video with data compression requires 22 GB of storage space. Keep in mind that the maximum capacity of a DVD is of 17 GB, if a DVD-18 disc is used (keep in mind that this is a dual-sided dual-layer disc).
In fact a Blu-Ray or a HD-DVD is a DVD disc with a higher storage capacity, allowing you to store high-definition contents. It is important to remark that the main motivation to the creation of a DVD successor was the introduction of HDTV, which requires a higher disc storage capacity, feature a regular DVD cannot provide. But how a Blu-Ray is able to store more data than a DVD disc.
Blu-Ray technology was developed in February 2002 to be DVD’s successor by a consortium made by companies that include Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson. HD-DVD, on the other hand, was created by Toshiba and recently got support from Microsoft, HP and Intel.
Both Blu-Ray and HD-DVD discs have the same physical size of DVD discs (and CDs), with a diameter of 12 cm (120 mm, around 4 ¾”).

In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes all over the world. It was called DVD, and it revolutionized the movie industry.
The industry is set for yet another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs (BD). With their high storage capacity, Blu-ray discs can hold and play back large quantities of high-definition video and audio, as well as photos, data and other digital content.
Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name of a next-generation optical disc format jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the world’s leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson). The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data. The format offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc. This extra capacity combined with the use of advanced video and audio codec’s will offer consumers an unprecedented HD experience.
Blu-ray is currently supported by more than 180 of the world’s leading consumer electronics, personal computer, recording media, video game and music companies. The format also has broad support from the major movie studios as a successor to today’s DVD format. In fact, seven of the eight major movie studios (Disney, Fox, Warner, Paramount, Sony, Lionsgate and MGM) are supporting the Blu-ray format and five of them (Disney, Fox, Sony, Lionsgate and MGM) are releasing their movies exclusively in the Blu-ray format. Many studios have also announced that they will begin releasing new feature films on Blu-ray Disc day-and-date with DVD, as well as a continuous slate of catalog titles every month. For more information about Blu-ray movies, check out our Blu-ray movies section which offers information about new and upcoming Blu-ray releases, as well as what movies are currently available in the Blu-ray format.

1 Why the name Blu-ray?
The name Blu-ray is derived from the underlying technology, which utilizes a blue-violet laser to read and write data. The name is a combination of “Blue” (blue-violet laser) and “Ray” (optical ray). According to the Blu-ray Disc Association the spelling of “Blu-ray” is not a mistake; the character “e” was intentionally left out so the term could be registered as a trademark.

The correct full name is Blu-ray Disc, not Blu-ray Disk (incorrect spelling)
the correct shortened name is Blu-ray, not Blu-Ray (incorrect capitalization) or Blue-ray (incorrect spelling)
the correct abbreviation is BD, not BR or BRD (wrong abbreviation)
The name Blu-ray came from the fact that the laser beam which reads the data from the new discs is blue instead of red which is used for current DVDs and CDs. This new blue laser is at the heart of Blu-ray Disc technology (i.e. blue ray of light).



2 What is Blu-Ray Disc?

A current, single-sided, standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB (gigabytes) of information. That’s about the size of an average two-hour, standard-definition movie with a few extra features. But a high-definition movie, which has a much clearer image (see How Digital Television Works), takes up about five times more bandwidth and therefore requires a disc with about five times more storage. As TV sets and movie studios make the move to high definition, consumers are going to need playback systems with a lot more storage capacity.

Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD) is the name of a next-generation optical disc format. The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data. The format offers more than five times the storage capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to 25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc.
Blu-ray is the next-generation digital video disc. It can record, store and play back high-definition video and digital audio, as well as computer data. The advantage to Blu-ray is the sheer amount of information it can hold:
• A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27 GB of data – that’s more than two hours of high-definition video or about 13 hours of standard video.
• A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50 GB, enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high-definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video. And there are even plans in the works to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage.



3 Key features of Blu-ray Disc
Blu-ray Disc is a next-generation, optical disc format that enables the ultimate high-def entertainment experience. Blu-ray Disc provides these key features and advantages:
• Maximum picture resolution. Blu-ray Disc delivers full 1080p* video resolution to provide pristine picture quality.
• Largest capacity available anywhere (25 GB single layer/50 GB dual layer). Blu-ray Disc offers up to 5X the capacity of today’s DVDs.
• Best audio possible. Blu-ray Disc provides as many as 7.1 channels of native, uncompressed surround sound for crystal-clear audio entertainment.
• Enhanced interactivity. Enjoy such capabilities as seamless menu navigation, exciting, new bonus features, and network/Internet connectivity.
• Broadest industry support from brands you trust. More than 90% of major Hollywood studios, virtually all leading consumer electronics companies, four of the top computer brands, the world’s two largest music companies, PLAYSTATION® 3 and the leading gaming companies, all support Blu-ray Disc.
• The largest selection of high-def playback devices.Blu-ray Disc is supported by many of the leading consumer electronics and computing manufacturers. That means you can maximize the use of your HDTV and your home entertainment system with the widest selection of high-def playback devices—including players, recorders, computers, aftermarket drives and the PLAYSTATION® 3 game console.
• Backward compatibility**. Blu-ray Disc players enable you to continue to view and enjoy your existing DVD libraries.
• Disc robustness. Breakthroughs in hard-coating technologies enable Blu-ray Disc to offer the strongest resistance to scratches and fingerprints.

The "Blu-ray Disc Association" was founded in 2002 by nine leading electronic companies: Matsushita, Pioneer, Phillips, Thomson, LG Electronics, Hitachi, Sharp, Samsung and Sony as contrast to the DVD Forum. Spearheaded by Sony Corporation on February 19th 2002 the companies announced they were the "Founders" of the Blu-ray Disc and later changed their name to the "Blu-ray Disc Association" in order to achieve more companies joining their development. Some examples of companies that signed in include Apple, TDK, Dell, Hewlett Packard, Walt Disney, Warner Bros. and Universal Music Group. At the moment the there are more than 250 members and supporters of the Association.
In today’s world data storage is one of the key features in especially technology field in early days of the computer world the data was stored on punch card which hardly stored data in bytes, as the technology field always is the one which upgrades constantly. Later the storage media which came into use was magnetic tape, where aries storage medias such as VHS, Floppy drive and various medias came into existence,with the use on magnetic disk the amount of data which was portable was in ten’s of Mega Byte data .

Then the revolutionary technology came where the storage device was the compact disc with the help of optical beam which could be used to store the data in the hundred of MB’s. In CD the beam which was used was a red beam which could store upto700 MB of data on one disk.
But with the help of Blue beam on the disc Blu-ray data upto 25GB can be stored.

The Linux operating system kernel is a very successful example of a
large software system in widespread use that has been developed using
an "open source" development (OSD) model. If a conclusion has to be
compiled, then freedom, ownership of the source, no license fees,
availability of skills and resource to fix problems or to develop
enhancements are all readily available. The distribution of software
to smaller companies or acquisitions of the main business is freely
available. Desires of a company dictate, freedom, cost effectiveness,
availability of resources, a reliable and flexible solution that works
well and retain any office tools and integration with popular market
products, services or communication methods are key to the
consideration of a business solution.
So why is it not a perfect model for the commercial world? Habit and
poor understanding is the cause of all issues related to acceptance of
the Open Source Model. It is also ignorance and laziness that prevents
the research and investigation into such technologies for many
businesses. Ironically, it is far simpler to replace a system using
Open Source model with numerous organizations that will guide any
organization through the process, than it is to retain the large
supplier that creates the locked in Psyche. The Open Source model will
be freely accepted commercially and one day there will be no preferred
alternative, the time line for globalization of such methods is
certainly within the next five years, so hold on to your hats and do
not get left behind, it is your choice and a free one.

Tens of thousands of independent programmers contribute code to
project maintainers for inclusion in Linux. Improvements and bug fixes
developed and submitted by companies and individual programmers are
included in Linux releases based on technical merit alone. When a new
Linux kernel is released, it is put up on the main Linux kernel site,
www.kernel.org.
There are a number of good Linux news web sites keeping the programmer
and user community continuously updated about the latest developments
in the kernel. The best way to keep track of the kernel development
though is undoubtedly the Linux kernel mailing list. One can find all
the Linux source code in the /usr/src/ directory of a native Linux
partition. Also, a detailed documentation including discussions of
major issues such as kernel hacking has been kept in the
/usr/src/linux*/Documentation directory. The users interested in
extracting details about the configuration workings of the OS at
runtime can take a look at the contents of the /proc file system which
is used by the kernel to provide information to the user programs. A
user who has worked on Microsoft Windows OS will understand the
difference here.
A program to extract and print the currently running kernel's
information can be as small as 5 lines of C code in Linux. To achieve
the same task under MS Windows would leave the programmer clueless as
to how to hack the system to get these details. When a Linux system
crashes on a user's machine he may post the crash log on a mailing
list such as one listed above, and he might find the bug-fix within
hours of posting. If such type of system crash happens on any other
proprietary OS, the user may need to wait for months or even years
till the next expensive release/update comes into market. The above
two examples show us where Open Source Software scores over its
rivals.

A Linux distribution includes the Linux kernel plus utilities,
programming tools, window managers, and other software that make up a
full operating system. Distribution companies, such as Caldera, Red
Hat, SuSE, Turbo Linux, and nonprofit organizations such as Debian,
download the latest Open Source packages from the Internet, QA them,
add utilities such as installation programs, and package them on a
CD-ROM with a manual.

The underlying code in each distribution is exactly the same. Slight
differences may occur in the following:
• Hardware installation programs
• Default X-windows configuration
• Graphical systems management tools
• Proprietary software packages (very few)
In the vast majority of cases, Linux applications are compatible with
all distributions of Linux, which accounts for the aphorism "Linux is
Linux is Linux."
Distribution vendors take the kernel as is, with all changes and fixes
that are contributed by members of the development community. Each
distribution company releases new distributions about twice a year.
The Open Source development model discourages distribution vendors
from forking the Linux code base into incompatible code streams. The
GPL specifies that additions, modifications, and extensions to Linux
be distributed in source code form whenever executables are made
available. If a distribution company were to acquire development
expertise and attempt to build unique features into Linux, its
innovations would be released back to the development community. Truly
valuable changes would then be included in the next release of Linux
and/or freely adopted by other distribution vendors, eliminating any
competitive advantage. Currently, independent developers contribute
the vast majority of fixes, patches, and additions to Linux. Each one
of these modifications improves the stability and functionality of
Linux.

The Linux kernel is developed and updated following the Open Source
development model you might have know. Linus Torvalds is the project
maintainer, with final authority over what goes into the kernel.
Because of the complexity of the project, he is aided by a group of
appointed project maintainers who are responsible for various
components of the code.
A large number of developers worldwide contribute to improvements to
Linux. Any developer can submit a patch that includes source code
changes to the kernel mailing list. Linus and his project maintainers
review the patch. They decide whether or not to include it in the next
release based on technical merit, not commercial reasons. Thus, there
is no single company directing the development path of the Linux
kernel.

Although OSS has recently become a hot topic in the press, it has
actually been in existence since the 1960s and has shown a successful
track record to-date. The open source movement gained momentum in big
business in 1998, when IBM, Corel, Oracle, and Informix endorsed open
source software. Examples of popular open source products include
Emacs, GNU toolset, Apache, Sendmail, GIMP, Samba and Linux. While
Linux and Apache are among the most well known open source-based
applications, there are many others, including BSD, Debian, and other
applications based on the GNU license.

1. GNU Software:
Emacs was one of the first open source products whose success of Emacs
led to the GNU program. It is a text editor that is widely used for
software development. The GNU project consists of an operating system
kernel and associated UNIX tools. The GNU tools have been ported to a
wide variety of platforms, including Windows NT and are widely used by
software developers to produce both open source and proprietary
software.

2. Apache Web Server:
The Apache web server is a freely available web server distributed
under an open source license. Apache web servers are known for their
functionality and reliability. They form the backbone infrastructure
running the Internet. Today the Apache web server is arguably the most
widely used web server in the world garnering almost 50 percent of the
web server market. Apache was built and is maintained by a group of 20
core developers and 10 major contributors from around the world. A
large pool of developers regularly suggests and implements minor
adjustments and bug fixes to the core group.

3. Sendmail:
Send mail is a platform for moving mail from one machine to another.
The Sendmail Consortium, a nonprofit organization, runs the open
source program and maintains a website to serve as a resource.
Sendmail is estimated to carry nearly 90 percent of e-mail traffic.

4. PERL:
While Emacs, GNU toolset, Apache, Sendmail, and Linux are examples of
open source products, the Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
(Perl) is an example of an open source process. Perl is a system
administration and computer-programming language widely used
throughout the Internet. It is the standard scripting language for all
Apache web servers, and is commonly used on UNIX. There are an
estimated one million Perl users today.

5. Netscape:
On January 22, 1998, Netscape announced that it would make the source
code to its flagship client software, Netscape Communicator, freely
available for modification and redistribution on the Internet.
Netscape's pioneering decision to distribute software via the Internet
has become an integral strategy for every software company worldwide.

The mantra of the open source community is that OSS increases the
reliability of software because it is peer-reviewed by many
developers, all performing their own tests, making bug corrections,
and tweaking the software until it is complete. Proponents claim this
process creates mature, stable code more quickly than conventional
software development, lowers overhead, and, through operating system
porting, broadens the market for the software. The nature of open
source development also increases the interaction between the
developers of software and the customers who will ultimately use it.
As an ideal, OSS sounds wonderful—a utopia for software development.
Unfortunately, it's not as perfect as it seems. All of the claims made
by the Open Source Initiative are true, but only if the community of
engineers and developers is actually interested in the success of a
piece of software. If the open source community is not motivated to
work on a certain software project, it will languish in obscurity.
This seems to be the scenario that has plagued Netscape and its
Mozilla project. Netscape had hoped its willingness to reveal design
secrets would attract outside programmers and yield new features,
better code, and faster development. However, very few programmers
jumped on the bandwagon. The Mozilla project was to be the loss leader
that would open the market for Netscape's enterprise software;
instead, the effort has been a commercial flop.
The major problem with OSS is the lack of objective information on how
open source works in an enterprise and on how much it actually costs.
Open source software is not a new concept, but its application in an
enterprise environment is a recent phenomenon. Until open source
software development moves out of the "philosophical" into the
"practical," management decisions on its viability will be suspect and
ill-advised.
There is no doubt that open source standards have benefits for
enterprise computing needs, but the technology is not quite ready for
prime time. Infrastructure and standards of practice are being
developed and true cost analysis will be implemented. Only then will
it be possible to say with any certainty that open source is the
future.

While it is true that an open source business may not make money
directly from its products, it is untrue that open source companies do
not generate stable and scalable revenue streams. In actuality, in the
21st century web technology market, it is the open source company that
has the greatest long-term strategic advantage. This is demonstrated
by companies such as LINUX, Apache, and Netscape, a host of
web-specific technologies such as Java, Perl, TCL, and a host of
web-specific technology companies such as Sendmail. The open source
business model relies on shifting the commercial value away from the
actual products and generating revenue from the 'Product Halo,' or
ancillary services like systems integration, support, tutorials and
documentation.
This focus on the product halo is rooted in the firm understanding
that in the real world, the value of software lies in the value-added
services of the product halo and not in the product or any
intellectual property that the product represents. In actuality, the
value of software products approaches zero in the fast-paced, highly
customized, ever-changing world of information technology. But it is
not simply an acknowledgement of the revenue streams generated by the
product halo that makes open source a compelling business strategy.
Open source also cuts down on essential research and development costs
while at the same time speeding up delivery of new products.
This paradoxical situation arises from the fact that within an open
source project, the community members themselves provide free research
and development by contributing new solutions, features, and ideas
back to the community as a whole. The company that sits at the center
of any successful open source project may reap the rewards of the work
of thousands of highly skilled developers without paying them a cent.
A final strength of the open source business model lies in its ability
to market itself. Because open source products are typically released
for free, open source companies that can produce quality products and
generate a good reputation can almost immediately grab huge shares of
any market based on the complex and far-reaching global referral
networks generated by users.
In fact, in the web technology space, almost every global standard has
been based upon open source technology. By using the open source
technology model, we can create a superior product, which immediately
has a competitive advantage, and which generates multiple scalable
revenue streams while being freely available throughout the community

This paper provides quantitative data that, in many cases, using open
source software / free software is a reasonable or even superior
approach to using their proprietary competition according to various
measures. This paper's goal is to show that you should consider using
OSS/FS when acquiring software. There are many good reasons to use
OSS/FS, and there's actually quantitative data justifying some of its
claims (such as higher reliability).

7.1 Major Projects
A List of important OSS/FS programs that are generally recognized as mature.
Major OSS/FS Projects include:
1. Linux kernel,
2. Apache (web server),
3. Samba (supports interoperability with Windows clients by acting as
a Windows file and print server),
4. GNOME (a desktop environment),
5. KDE (also a desktop environment),
6. The GIMP (bitmapped image editor),
7. MySQL (database emphasizing speed),
8. PostgreSQL (database emphasizing functionality),
9. PHP (hypertext preprocessor used for web development),
10. Mailman (mailing list manager),
11. XFree86 (graphics infrastructure which implements the X window system),
12. bind (domain naming service, a critical Internet infrastructure service),
13. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC, a suite of compilation tools for C,
C++, and several other languages),
14. Perl (programming/scripting language),
15. Python (another programming/scripting language),
16. Mozilla (web browser and email client),
17. OpenOffice.org (office suite, including word processor,
spreadsheet, and presentation software),
The open source BSD Operating systems
FreeBSD (general purpose),
OpenBSD (security-focused),
NetBSD (portability-focused)).
A great deal of documentation is available at the Linux Documentation
Project (LDP).
A number of up and coming projects are at an alpha or beta level. Some
projects that have the potential to be very important, have running
code, and are working toward more functionality or stability include
the following: Wine (a program to allow Windows programs to run on
Unix-like systems, AbiWord (a word processor), Gnumeric (spreadsheet),
KOffice (office suite), and GnuCash (money management).
Web projects around the world often use LAMP, an abbreviation for
Linux, Apache, MySQL (sometimes replaced with PostgreSQL), and
PHP/Perl/Python. More complex web projects may use major libraries or
frameworks, such as PHP-Nuke (based on PHP) and Zope (based on
Python).